Elbow Arthritis Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Options

Overview

Elbow osteoarthritis, also called elbow joint degeneration, occurs when the cartilage—the smooth, protective tissue that covers the ends of the bones in the joint—gradually wears down. As this cartilage breaks down, the elbow loses its ability to move smoothly, leading to pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion. Although elbow arthritis is less common than arthritis in weight-bearing joints, it can cause ongoing discomfort and make everyday activities such as bending, lifting, and rotating the arm more difficult.”

What causes Elbow Arthritis?

Elbow arthritis develops gradually and is typically the result of long-term stress or injury to the joint.

Causes

• Wear and tear: Repeated stress on the elbow over time causes gradual cartilage breakdown 
• Aging: Cartilage naturally thins with age, increasing the risk of degeneration
•  Repetitive activity: Continuous elbow use in throwing or swinging motions places strain on the joint
• Traumatic injuries: Previous fractures, dislocations, or ligament injuries can accelerate cartilage damage

How Elbow Arthritis Develops

• Damage to cartilage reduces cushioning between bones
• Bone surfaces begin rubbing against each other
• Inflammation develops, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling 
• Bone spurs may form, limiting motion and causing joint locking

Understanding these  causes of elbow arthritis helps guide early treatment and prevent progression.

Sports Commonly Associated With Elbow Arthritis

Although rare, elbow arthritis is seen more often in athletes who place repetitive stress on the joint, including:

• Baseball (pitchers and catchers)
• Softball
• Golf
• Tennis 
• Weightlifting and throwing sports

Repeated high-force movements in these sports increase the risk of cartilage wear and joint degeneration.

Symptoms

You may experience elbow arthritis symptoms if you are over the age of 40 or have a history of elbow injury. Common symptoms include:

• Persistent elbow pain, especially during movement
• Swelling around the joint
• Joint stiffness, particularly after rest
• Reduced range of motion
• Locking or catching of the elbow
• Weakness when gripping or lifting

Symptoms often worsen with activity and improve with rest in the early stages.

Non-operative treatment

While elbow arthritis cannot be cured, conservative treatment can significantly reduce pain, improve mobility, and delay surgical intervention. Non-operative treatment options include:

• Rest and activity modification
• Ice therapy to reduce inflammation
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs)
• Cortisone injections for temporary pain relief
• Physical therapy to restore motion and strength

Elbow Arthritis Exercises

Targeted elbow arthritis exercises focus on improving flexibility, strength, and joint stability. These exercises help reduce stiffness and maintain range of motion when performed consistently under professional guidance.

(PDF Exercise Program Recommended)

Elbow Arthritis

Surgical Treatment

Surgery may be considered when elbow arthritis symptoms persist despite non-operative treatment, or when mechanical issues such as locking or catching interfere with joint function. The choice of surgical procedure depends on the severity and progression of the arthritis.

In early or mild cases, arthroscopic surgery may be beneficial. This minimally invasive procedure allows the surgeon to remove bone spurs, loose cartilage, or bone fragments that restrict movement and cause pain. Arthroscopy can help improve range of motion and reduce symptoms, with less disruption to surrounding tissues and a faster recovery compared to open surgery.

In more advanced cases, where there is significant cartilage loss accompanied by persistent pain or stiffness, elbow joint replacement may be considered. This procedure is relatively uncommon and is typically reserved for patients with severe joint damage who have not responded to other treatment options.